Tuberculosis (TB) Symptoms, Causes, Spread, and Treatment

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It most commonly affects the lungs (pulmonary tuberculosis), but it can also involve other parts of the body.

Symptoms of Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection that most commonly affects the lungs. Symptoms of active TB often develop gradually and may worsen over time, making early recognition important.

Common symptoms of active pulmonary TB include:

• Persistent cough lasting more than 2-3 weeks
• Coughing up blood or sputum
• Fever and chills
• Night sweats
• Unexplained weight loss
• Loss of appetite
• Fatigue or weakness
• Shortness of breath or chest discomfort

Not everyone infected with TB develops symptoms. In some individuals, the bacteria remain dormant (inactive TB), while others may develop active TB disease.

Quick Check: Possible Signs of Tuberculosis

You may need medical evaluation if you experience:

• A cough that does not improve after a few weeks
• Ongoing fever or night sweats
• Sudden weight loss without trying
• Persistent tiredness

Is Tuberculosis Contagious?

Yes, tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection that spreads through the air when a person with active TB in the lungs coughs, sneezes, or speaks.

TB bacteria can be inhaled by people nearby, especially in settings involving close or prolonged contact, such as households or crowded environments.

How Does Tuberculosis Spread?

TB spreads through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes, talks or laughs. It does not spread through handshakes, sharing food or drinks, or touching surfaces.

When Is TB Most Contagious?

A person with active pulmonary TB is most contagious:

• Before diagnosis and treatment
• When not yet on medication
• If symptoms like coughing are present

Once treatment begins, the risk of spreading TB usually decreases significantly within a few weeks.

Who Is at Risk of Tuberculosis?

People at higher risk of developing active TB include:

• Those who have prolonged close contact with infected individuals.
• Individuals with weakened immune systems (e.g., HIV/AIDS, cancer, or diabetes).
• People living in crowded or unsanitary conditions.

TB is also closely associated with poverty, malnutrition, and overcrowding, where the bacteria can spread more easily.

When Should You See a Doctor?

Seek medical attention if symptoms persist for more than 2 to 3 weeks, especially if you:

• Have been in close contact with someone diagnosed with TB.
• Have a weakened immune system.
• Have lived in or travelled to high-risk areas.

What Happens If Tuberculosis Is Left Untreated?

If left untreated, active TB can lead to serious health complications and may spread to others.

Complications may include:

• Permanent lung damage
• Spread of infection to other organs such as the brain, bones, or gastrointestinal system
• Increased risk of severe illness and long-term health problems

Treatment Options for Tuberculosis

Active TB is treatable with a combination of antibiotics that work to eliminate the bacteria from the body. Treatment typically lasts 6 to 9 months, depending on the severity and response to medication.

Treatment may include:

• Temporary isolation (at home or in hospital) to prevent transmission
• A combination of anti-tuberculosis medications, such as:
• Isoniazid
• Rifampicin
• Pyrazinamide
• Ethambutol
• Streptomycin

It is important to take medications exactly as prescribed, even if symptoms improve. Stopping treatment early may lead to drug-resistant TB, which is more difficult to treat.

The cure rate is high (over 95%) when treatment is completed as directed.

Why Is Completing TB Treatment Important?

Incomplete treatment can cause the bacteria to become resistant to medication. Drug-resistant TB requires longer treatment and may involve more side effects.

Make an Appointment at Gleneagles Hospitals 

If you are experiencing symptoms of tuberculosis or have been exposed to someone with TB, seek medical advice promptly. Contact your nearest Gleneagles Hospitals to learn more about our Infectious Diseases services or to schedule a consultation.