Kidney Stones: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

Kidney stones are a common medical condition that occurs when solid deposits form in the kidneys or urinary tract. These stones develop due to an imbalance of certain substances in the urine, leading to crystal formation that can eventually grow into stones. Kidney stones can cause significant pain and, in severe cases, lead to complications requiring medical intervention. Understanding the symptoms, causes, and treatment options is essential for effective management and prevention.

Recognising the Symptoms of Kidney Stones

Kidney stones can cause a range of symptoms, depending on their size and location. The most common symptom is sudden, severe pain that may come in waves and move from the lower back to the abdomen or groin.

Other common symptoms include:

• Severe pain in the lower back, side, or groin
• Blood in the urine, which may appear red or brown
• Frequent urination or pain during urination
• Nausea and vomiting due to intense pain
• Fever and chills, which may indicate infection and require urgent care

When Should You See a Doctor?

Seek medical attention immediately if you experience:

• Severe pain that does not improve
• Blood in your urine
• Fever or chills
• Difficulty passing urine

Causes and Risk Factors

Kidney stones form when substances such as calcium, oxalate, and uric acid become highly concentrated in the urine, leading to crystal formation. Several factors contribute to an increased risk of developing kidney stones:

Treatment Options for Kidney Stones

Treatment for kidney stones depends on the size of the stone, its location, and the severity of symptoms. Smaller stones may pass naturally, while larger stones may require medical procedures.

Common treatment options include:

• Medication to relieve pain and help the stone pass more easily.
• Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) to break stones into smaller pieces.
• Ureteroscopy to locate and remove or break up stones.
• Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PNL) for larger or more complex stones.

How Do Doctors Decide the Best Treatment?

Doctors consider several factors when choosing treatment:

• Size and location of the stone
• Severity of symptoms
• Risk of complications or blockage

Preventing Kidney Stones

Several lifestyle adjustments can help reduce the risk of kidney stone formation:

• Adequate hydration: Drinking plenty of water helps dilute substances in the urine that contribute to stone formation.

• Balanced diet: Limiting foods high in oxalates and moderating calcium intake can help prevent kidney stones.

• Healthy lifestyle: Maintaining a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and managing body weight effectively can lower the risk of kidney stones.

• Medication: For individuals with a history of kidney stones, doctors may recommend specific medications to prevent recurrence.

Frequently Asked Questions about Kidney Stones

• What happens if kidney stones are left untreated?

  If untreated, kidney stones may lead to complications such as urinary tract infections, kidney damage, or kidney failure.

• What is dialysis, and when is it required?

  Dialysis is a treatment that removes waste, toxins, and excess fluids from the blood when the kidneys are unable to function properly.

• What are the main functions of the kidneys?

  The kidneys help filter waste and toxins from the blood, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, and maintain overall bodily functions.

• Can urinary tract infections (UTIs) affect kidney health?

  Yes, if left untreated, UTIs can spread to the kidneys, causing a condition known as pyelonephritis, which can result in permanent kidney damage.

Book an Appointment at Gleneagles Hospital

Kidney stones can lead to severe discomfort and serious complications if not managed appropriately. If you are experiencing symptoms or have concerns about kidney health, consult a healthcare professional for expert advice. Schedule an appointment at your nearest Gleneagles Hospital for a comprehensive health assessment and personalised treatment plan. For health screenings, contact the health screening centre of your closest Gleneagle Hospital.