Kidney Stones: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

Kidney stones are a common medical condition that occurs when solid deposits form in the kidneys or urinary tract. These stones develop due to an imbalance of certain substances in the urine, leading to crystal formation that can eventually grow into stones. Kidney stones can cause significant pain and, in severe cases, lead to complications requiring medical intervention. Understanding the symptoms, causes, and treatment options is essential for effective management and prevention.

Recognising the Symptoms of Kidney Stones

The symptoms of kidney stones vary based on the size and location of the stone. Common symptoms include:

• Severe pain: Sudden, sharp pain is typically felt in the lower back, side of the body, or groin.

• Blood in the urine: Stones moving through or obstructing the urinary tract can cause bleeding, leading to red or brown-coloured urine.

• Frequent urination and pain during urination: The presence of kidney stones may result in an increased urge to urinate, often accompanied by discomfort.

• Nausea and vomiting: Intense pain from kidney stones can trigger nausea and, in some cases, vomiting.

• Fever and chills: If a urinary tract infection develops due to kidney stones, individuals may experience fever and chills, indicating the need for immediate medical attention.

Causes and Risk Factors

Kidney stones form when substances such as calcium, oxalate, and uric acid become highly concentrated in the urine, leading to crystal formation. Several factors contribute to an increased risk of developing kidney stones:

Treatment Options for Kidney Stones

The treatment approach depends on the size of the kidney stone and the severity of symptoms. Common treatment methods include:

• Medication: Pain relief medications, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), can help manage discomfort. In some cases, medications such as tamsulosin are prescribed to aid the passage of stones.

• Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL): High-energy shock waves are used to break kidney stones into smaller fragments, allowing them to pass naturally through urine.

• Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PNL): A minimally invasive surgical procedure that involves removing large stones through a small incision in the back.

• Ureteroscopy: A thin scope is inserted through the urinary tract to locate and break up the kidney stone, facilitating its removal.

Preventing Kidney Stones

Several lifestyle adjustments can help reduce the risk of kidney stone formation:

• Adequate hydration: Drinking plenty of water helps dilute substances in the urine that contribute to stone formation.

• Balanced diet: Limiting foods high in oxalates and moderating calcium intake can help prevent kidney stones.

• Healthy lifestyle: Maintaining a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and managing body weight effectively can lower the risk of kidney stones.

• Medication: For individuals with a history of kidney stones, doctors may recommend specific medications to prevent recurrence.

Frequently Asked Questions about Kidney Stones

• What happens if kidney stones are left untreated?

  If untreated, kidney stones may lead to complications such as urinary tract infections, kidney damage, or kidney failure.

• What is dialysis, and when is it required?

  Dialysis is a treatment that removes waste, toxins, and excess fluids from the blood when the kidneys are unable to function properly.

• What are the main functions of the kidneys?

  The kidneys help filter waste and toxins from the blood, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, and maintain overall bodily functions.

• Can urinary tract infections (UTIs) affect kidney health?

  Yes, if left untreated, UTIs can spread to the kidneys, causing a condition known as pyelonephritis, which can result in permanent kidney damage.

Book an Appointment at Gleneagles Hospital

Kidney stones can lead to severe discomfort and serious complications if not managed appropriately. If you are experiencing symptoms or have concerns about kidney health, consult a healthcare professional for expert advice. Schedule an appointment at your nearest Gleneagles Hospital for a comprehensive health assessment and personalised treatment plan. For health screenings, contact the health screening centre of your closest Gleneagle Hospital.