Understanding Infertility In Women

Definition of Infertility

Infertility is indicated in the following situations:

For couples where the woman is under 35 years old, and they have been actively trying to conceive through regular unprotected intercourse for a year without success.

For couples where the woman is over 35 years old, and conception does not occur within six months of unprotected intercourse.
Immediate evaluation is advisable for women aged over 40.

Infertility does not include experiences of miscarriage or the inability to sustain a pregnancy to term.

Risk Factors of Infertility in Women

There are several risk factors that increase the probability of infertility in women, including being older than 35 years old, underweight or obese, history of sexually transmitted infections (STI), irregular menstrual cycles, excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, and stress.

Common Causes of Infertility in Women

Ovulation disorders (irregular or absence of ovulation) caused by hormonal imbalances, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, or other medical conditions are a common cause of infertility in women.

Structural issues in the uterus or cervix, such as polyps, fibroids, or cervical stenosis are also one of the common causes of infertility in women. Fibroids are benign growths found in or around the uterus that may impact fertility by potentially obstructing the attachment of a fertilised egg to the uterine wall or by blocking fallopian tubes.

Endometriosis is a condition wheretissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus, potentially causing inflammation, scarring, and infertility.

After both partners have had comprehensive fertility evaluations and the test results show no apparent cause for the inability to conceive, the fertility specialist will diagnose ‘unexplained infertility.’

Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Infertility in Women

Diagnosis

The following diagnostic tests may assist in diagnosing or ruling out female fertility issue:

During a transvaginal ultrasound, the doctor uses a probe inserted into the vagina to examine the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and nearby structures.
Blood samples are analysed for levels of the hormone progesterone to determine ovulation.
During a hysteroscopy, the doctor inserts a thin, flexible tube (hysteroscope) into the uterus to examine the uterine cavity for abnormalities.
During a hysterosalpingogram scan, an X-ray of the uterus and fallopian tubes is performed after injecting a specialised dye to identify any obstructions in the fallopian tubes that could impede the passage of eggs from the ovaries to the uterus.
In some cases, a minimally invasive surgical procedure called laparoscopy may be recommended to visualise the reproductive organs directly.
Diagnosis is then made based on your reported symptoms, physical examination, and investigations.

Treatment

The treatment for female infertility depends on the underlying cause, including:

Fertility medications to stimulate ovulation in women with ovulation disorders or regulate hormonal imbalances.
Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) to place sperms directly into the uterus during ovulation.
In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) is done by fertilising an egg with sperm outside the body and implanting the embryo into the uterus.
Surgical procedures may be performed to correct structural abnormalities in the uterus, remove fibroids, polyps, or scar tissue, or repair blocked fallopian tubes.

Prevention

While infertility cannot always be prevented, the following healthy lifestyle practices may help improve the chances of conceiving:

Maintain a well-balanced diet and healthy weight.
Engage in regular physical activity.
Quit smoking.
Avoid alcohol and drug use.
Practice safe sexual practices.
Manage any underlying health conditions.
Minimise exposure to toxins such as pesticides.
Implement stress management techniques.

Make an Appointment at Gleneagles Hospitals

If you have any concerns or questions about infertility or if you are trying to conceive, get in touch with us to book an appointment today with a reproductive medicine specialist at your nearest Gleneagles Hospital

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