Cervical polyps are small finger-like growths that develop on the mucosal surface of the cervix. Some polyps are attached by a pedicle (a long, thin stalk) and protrude from the cervix as tear-shaped or lobular growths that could be bright red, purplish-pink, or greyish-white.
Cervical polyps may vary slightly in size and shape. They are usually less than 3 cm in diameter but can grow large enough to fill the vagina.
Cervical polyps are typically non-cancerous. However, malignant polyps can be found in a small percentage of cases, ranging from 0.2% to 1.5% and they are more frequently seen in postmenopausal patients.
Causes and risk factors of cervical polyps
The exact cause of cervical polyps remains unknown. Possible causes may include congestion of blood vessels in the cervix (disrupted blood flow can cause polyp development), chronic inflammation of the cervix, infections in the cervix, and long-term chemical irritation to the cervix causing abnormal cell changes.
Some risk factors for cervical polyps include:
- Being a woman in her premenopausal age.
- Being a woman who have had two or more pregnancies (multigravida).
- Having sexually transmitted infections.
- Having previous history of cervical polyps.
Symptoms of cervical polyps
Polyps are not always symptomatic. However, when the symptoms are present, they may include heavy menstrual periods, vaginal bleeding after sexual intercourse or douching, abnormal vaginal bleeding between periods, postmenopausal bleeding, and having white or yellow mucus (leukorrhea).
Complications of cervical polyps
The primary complication arising from polyps is related to infertility, especially when they are large enough to obstruct the external os of the cervix. Additionally, polyps can become inflamed or infected.
Diagnosis of cervical polyps
Cervical polyps seldom result in symptoms. Therefore, they are typically detected during a regular pelvic examination and Pap smear.
During the pelvic examination, the doctor may identify the characteristic red or purple finger-like growths on the cervix.
Some cervical polyps may be discovered during transvaginal ultrasound.
Treatment options for cervical polyps
If cervical polyps are asymptomatic, they typically do not require any intervention. However, there are exceptions to this.
Symptomatic polyps, especially if they are large or have atypical characteristics, are usually removed with a gentle twist or tug. This procedure is known as polypectomy.
Smaller polyps are removed by using punch biopsy forceps whereas electrosurgical excision or hysteroscopic removal may be necessary for larger or polyps with thicker stalks.
In all cases, any polyp that is removed should be sent for further histological examination to rule out the presence of malignancy or precancerous cells.
In one out of eight women, cervical polyps may recur after cervical polyp removal.
Cervical polyps during pregnancy
Cervical polyps are not common in pregnancy. They are usually small and asymptomatic.
In the early stages of pregnancy, some cervical polyps can be wrongly identified as abnormal vaginal bleeding, potentially leading to a misdiagnosis of an impending miscarriage. Hence, a colour doppler ultrasound is recommended for pregnant women with recurrent unexplained bleeding to exclude endocervical polyps.
In the postpartum period, bleeding can be a significant concern due to the vascular nature of polyps.
Make an appointment at Gleneagles Hospitals
If you suspect that you are experiencing symptoms of cervical polyps, get in touch with us to find out more about our Obstetrics & Gynaecology Services at your nearest Gleneagles Hospital.
You may also contact the Health Screening Centre at your nearest Gleneagles Hospital for health screening appointments.
