Fungal Skin Infections Explained

Fungal skin infections, also known as mycosis, are infections caused by fungi that predominantly affect the skin. These microscopic organisms thrive in damp and dirty environments and can be found on various surfaces, including areas of the body (groin, feet, and skin folds). While fungi are typically harmless, they can cause issues when they penetrate the body through cuts or injuries.

Common Types of Fungal Infections and Their Symptoms

According to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), although there are over a million fungi species worldwide, only a few hundred are known to affect humans and lead to fungal skin infections.

These infections can occur on various parts of the body, including the feet, groin, scalp, nails, and skin folds. Below are some of the most prevalent types of fungal skin infections.

Type of Infection	Description	Symptoms
Tinea pedis (Athlete’s Foot)	Primarily affects the feet, particularly between the toes and on the soles, commonly seen in adolescents and adult males. Several contributing factors include: Excessive sweating Inadequate drying of the feet after swimming or bathing Prolonged wear of tight socks and shoes Warm weather conditions The infection is contagious and can spread through direct contact with contaminated surfaces or by sharing personal items like towels or shoes.	Itching, peeling skin between the toes, redness, burning, or stinging sensation on the feet.
Tinea corporis (Ringworm)	This dermatophyte infection can affect anyone, particularly children, and occurs on various body parts such as arms, legs, and face. Ringworm spreads through contact with infected individuals, pets, or contaminated objects, and from public places with sweaty people, like the gym.	Red, circular patches with clear or scaly centres, raised edges that may be redder than surrounding skin, dry or flaky skin within the ring, and significant itchiness.
Tinea capitis (Scalp Ringworm)	Affects the scalp and hair follicles and can lead to larger pus-filled lesions known as kerions. This condition results from fungal hypersensitivity and may be accompanied by a rash in other areas and tender lymph nodes in the neck. While it primarily affects children, it can also occur in adults. Scalp ringworm is transmitted through contact with infected people or contaminated items like combs or hats.	Severe itching and scaling on the scalp, scaly or red bald patches, pain in affected areas, and potential permanent hair loss in severe cases.
Tinea cruris (Jock Itch)	Affects the groin area, more prevalent in males and during warmer weather.	Itching that spreads from the groin to the upper inner thighs, redness, well-defined rash, scaling, and cracking of the skin in severe cases.
Onychomycosis (Nail Fungus)	Primarily impacts toenails, leading to challenging treatment outcomes. Nail fungus can be transmitted between individuals or through contact with contaminated surfaces, including public swimming pools and nail salons.	Thickening, discolouration, and brittleness of nails.
Yeast Infection (Candida)	Caused by the Candida species, often resulting from overgrowth of yeast in moist areas of the body due to a weakened immune system, hormonal changes, or prolonged antibiotic use. Yeast infections occur in moist regions of the skin, including skin folds, the armpits, the groin, and underneath the breasts.	Red, itchy rash with potential satellite lesions, and the skin may become cracked and sore.

Diagnosing Fungal Skin Infections

Diagnosing fungal skin infections involves a comprehensive clinical evaluation and may include laboratory tests. A medical history will be taken, detailing symptoms, duration, and potential exposure to sources of infection. The affected area is visually examined for signs indicative of a fungal infection.

Diagnostic tests may include:

KOH (Potassium Hydroxide) Preparation: A sample of skin, nail, or hair scrapings is collected and treated with potassium hydroxide. This process dissolves keratin, allowing for easier identification of fungal elements under a microscope.
Fungal culture: This test involves cultivating the fungi in a controlled setting to identify the specific species.
Skin biopsy: A small skin sample is removed and examined under a microscope, often with special staining techniques, for deeper or more complex infections or when the diagnosis remains uncertain.

Treatment Options

Treatment approaches for fungal skin infections depend on the type and severity.

Mild fungal infection: Can often be treated with over-the-counter antifungal creams, powders, or sprays that contain active ingredients like clotrimazole, miconazole, or terbinafine.
Severe or persistent fungal infections: Prescription-strength antifungal medications may be required. They are available in a few forms such as oral tablets, topical creams, or medicated nail lacquers. It is crucial to adhere to the treatment plan prescribed by your doctor.

Preventive Measures

Clean and dry your skin thoroughly, especially in areas prone to sweating.
Change out of wet clothing promptly.
Avoid sharing personal items, such as towels, clothing, or shoes.
Wear breathable fabrics and choose shoes that allow air circulation.
Use antifungal powders or sprays on feet to prevent athlete’s foot.
Maintain proper foot hygiene, including wearing clean socks.
Avoid walking barefoot in public spaces, especially around swimming pools or locker rooms.
Keep nails clean and trimmed; avoid sharing nail clippers or files.
Support a healthy immune system through regular exercise, a balanced diet, and sufficient sleep.

Make an Appointment at Gleneagles Hospitals

Consult a doctor if your fungal infection symptoms worsen or new symptoms appear. The team of expert dermatologists at Gleneagles Hospitals is available for consultation, ensuring the best care and support for patients.

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