Symptoms and Causes of Diphtheria

Understanding Diphtheria and Its Effects on the Body

Diphtheria is a potentially life-threatening bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It most commonly affects the upper respiratory tract, particularly the throat and nasal passages, although in some cases it may also involve the skin and other body systems. While immunisation efforts have significantly reduced its prevalence in many parts of the world, diphtheria continues to pose a health risk in regions with lower vaccination coverage.

At Gleneagles Hospitals, we remain committed to raising awareness and supporting early diagnosis and intervention to prevent serious complications associated with diphtheria.

Recognising the Symptoms of Diphtheria

The symptoms of diphtheria can vary in severity, depending on the site of infection and the individual’s immune response. Common signs to watch for include:

Sore Throat and Difficulty Swallowing

These are among the earliest and most frequent symptoms. The infection often begins with throat discomfort that may worsen during swallowing.

Fever and General Discomfort

Individuals with diphtheria may experience a moderate to high fever accompanied by malaise or a general feeling of being unwell.

Formation of a Thick Greyish Membrane

One of the most distinguishing features of diphtheria is the presence of a thick, greyish coating in the throat. This membrane can obstruct the airway and result in breathing difficulties if not treated promptly.

In more severe cases, the bacterial toxins may affect other organs, leading to complications such as myocarditis (inflammation of the heart), nerve damage, or kidney problems.

Modes of Transmission

Diphtheria is a contagious infection that spreads primarily through the following methods:

Close Contact with Infected Individuals

The most common route of transmission is through respiratory droplets expelled during coughing or sneezing by an infected person.

Contact with Contaminated Objects or Surfaces

Bacteria can survive on surfaces. Touching contaminated items and then touching the face, particularly the mouth, nose, or eyes, can result in infection.

Direct Skin Contact

Transmission can also occur through direct skin-to-skin contact, particularly when infected individuals have open sores or lesions.

Understanding the Causes of Diphtheria

The causative agent of diphtheria, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, produces toxins that damage tissues and organs. The severity of the illness is often linked to the amount of toxin released. Risk factors that may increase the likelihood of infection include:

Incomplete or Missed Vaccination

Routine immunisation with the diphtheria vaccine significantly reduces the risk of infection. In communities where vaccination coverage is incomplete, the likelihood of outbreaks is higher.

Poor Sanitation and Overcrowded Living Conditions

Living in crowded environments with inadequate hygiene can facilitate the spread of diphtheria, especially in vulnerable populations.

Travel to Regions with Active Cases

Travellers visiting countries where diphtheria remains endemic are at greater risk of exposure, particularly if they have not received appropriate immunisations.

Preventive Measures and Treatment Options

Vaccination as a Primary Defence

The most effective way to prevent diphtheria is through routine immunisation. The diphtheria vaccine is included in Malaysia’s standard childhood vaccination schedule, and booster doses are recommended throughout life to maintain immunity.

Medical Management and Hospital Care

Treatment for diphtheria involves the administration of antibiotics, such as penicillin or erythromycin, to eliminate the bacteria. In more severe instances, diphtheria antitoxin may be used to neutralise the effects of the toxin.

Hospitalisation is often necessary, especially in cases where the patient experiences breathing difficulties or heart-related complications. Supportive care and monitoring are critical to ensure recovery and prevent long-term health consequences.

Frequently Asked Questions about Diphtheria

Can diphtheria affect children?

Yes, children who are not vaccinated are particularly susceptible. However, routine immunisation programmes in Malaysia have greatly reduced the number of cases among children.

What are the possible complications?

Complications may include inflammation of the heart (myocarditis), nerve damage (neuropathy), kidney dysfunction, and obstruction of the airways. Without treatment, diphtheria can be fatal.

Is diphtheria contagious?

Yes, diphtheria spreads easily through respiratory droplets and contact with infected individuals or surfaces.

Can diphtheria be managed at home?

Due to the potential severity of the illness, diphtheria requires hospital-based treatment. Immediate medical attention is necessary to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

How effective is the vaccine?

The diphtheria vaccine is highly effective. When administered as recommended, it provides long-lasting protection. It is important for both children and adults to stay current with their vaccinations.

Book an Appointment at Gleneagles Hospitals

Diphtheria remains a serious health concern despite being preventable. Recognising the early signs—such as a sore throat, fever, and the presence of a thick membrane in the throat—can save lives. Prompt medical intervention is essential to prevent severe complications.

At Gleneagles Hospitals, we offer comprehensive health screenings, diagnostic services, and vaccination programmes tailored to your needs. Whether you are due for a booster or seeking medical advice for a suspected infection, our experienced team of healthcare professionals is here to provide expert care in a safe and supportive environment.

Take a proactive step towards safeguarding your health. Schedule an appointment through our website or via the MyHealth360 application, available on both the Google Play Store and Apple App Store.