Understanding Amblyopia (Lazy Eye)

Amblyopia, commonly known as lazy eye, is a vision condition typically affecting one eye, although it can occasionally impact both. It occurs due to disrupted communication between the brain and the affected eye, leading to the brain’s increasing dependence on the stronger eye over time. If untreated, the brain may permanently ignore the weaker eye, resulting in lifelong vision complications.

Recognising Symptoms of Lazy Eye

The symptoms of amblyopia can be subtle. Children with lazy eye often struggle with depth perception, making it difficult to gauge distances accurately. Parents may notice their child squinting, closing one eye, or tilting their head when focusing. Often, amblyopia is not discovered until an eye examination, which is why screening is recommended for children between the ages of three and five.

Causes

Amblyopia may develop due to several underlying factors. Refractive errors which encompass conditions like near-sightedness, far-sightedness, and astigmatism may cause the brain to rely on the eye with better vision if untreated. Strabismus or misaligned eyes may lead the brain to ignore one eye’s input, increasing reliance on the stronger eye. Structural eye conditions like congenital cataracts or ptosis (droopy eyelid) limit visual information from the affected eye, hindering its development.

Risk Factors for Developing Lazy Eye

Lazy eye is often detected in early childhood. Factors that may increase its likelihood include premature birth or low birth weight; family history of amblyopia, childhood cataracts, or other eye conditions; and developmental delays or challenges.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis

Amblyopia is typically diagnosed through a comprehensive eye examination by an ophthalmologist, involving:

• Visual acuity test to measure clarity of vision in each eye by reading a Snellen chart.
• Refraction test to determine the correct prescription for glasses or contact lenses, revealing any differences between the eyes.
• Ocular alignment and movement test to evaluate the eyes’ coordination and alignment, with a particular focus on detecting strabismus.

Treatment Options

Early treatment is vital to strengthen the weaker eye and encourage proper eye coordination. Effective treatment options include:

• Corrective eyewear which includes prescription glasses or contacts to resolve refractive errors and improve the amblyopic eye’s vision.
• Wearing a patch over the stronger eye (eye patching) for a designated time each day forces the brain to use the weaker eye.
• Atropine eye drops can blur the stronger eye, which encourages using the weaker eye. Many parents find this an easier option than patches for their children.
• Vision therapy, which includes activities such as dot-to-dot cards, colouring, and computer-based exercises can enhance coordination and focus.

Potential Complications of Untreated Amblyopia

If amblyopia is untreated, permanent vision loss in the affected eye may result. This condition can also impair depth perception, making tasks like driving or sports challenging. Academic performance, job opportunities, and daily activities may be affected, potentially leading to frustration and diminished self-esteem.

Preventing Amblyopia

While amblyopia cannot always be prevented, early detection and intervention are key to minimising long-term impacts. Vision screening for young children can ensure that treatment begins promptly, helping to avoid irreversible damage.

Make an Appointment at Gleneagles Hospitals

If you have concerns about amblyopia or lazy eyes, contact Gleneagles Hospitals to schedule an appointment. Our expert ophthalmology team is committed to providing the highest quality care and tailored treatment plans for each patient.