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Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers among men, especially those over the age of 50. Early detection significantly improves the chances of effective treatment. One of the key tools used in early detection is the Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) test, a simple blood test that plays a crucial role in prostate cancer screening.
In this article, we explain what PSA screening is, why it is important, and how it fits into Malaysia’s broader cancer screening efforts.
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test
The PSA test measures the level of prostate-specific antigen in a man’s blood. PSA is a protein produced by tissues in the prostate, a small gland located below the bladder in men.
Purpose of PSA Testing
The test is primarily used to screen for prostate cancer. Elevated PSA levels might indicate the presence of cancer, although non-cancerous conditions such as prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate) or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) can also raise PSA levels.
How the Test Works
A simple blood sample is taken and analysed in a lab to measure PSA levels. Results are usually given in nanograms per millilitre (ng/mL). If a person without symptoms of prostate cancer opts for screening and has an abnormal PSA result, the doctor may suggest repeating the PSA test in 6 to 8 weeks to confirm the result. If the PSA remains elevated, ongoing monitoring may be recommended. This typically involves regular PSA tests and digital rectal exams (DREs) to track any changes over time.
Why PSA Screening Matters
Although not a definitive test for prostate cancer, PSA screening can help detect the disease at an early stage when it is more treatable. Discussing the pros and cons of PSA testing with a doctor is vital for making an informed decision.
Prostate Cancer: What It Is?
Prostate cancer occurs when cells in the prostate gland begin to grow uncontrollably. It is one of the most prevalent cancers in men and can be life-threatening if it spreads beyond the prostate.
Understanding the Prostate’s Role
The prostate and seminal vesicles are responsible for producing seminal fluid, which nourishes and transports sperm during ejaculation. This gland is situated just below the bladder and surrounds the urethra, the tube that carries urine and semen.
Benign vs. Malignant Growths
Not all prostate growths are cancerous. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate. In contrast, malignant tumours can invade surrounding tissues or spread to distant parts of the body (a process known as metastasis).
The Danger of Metastasis
When prostate cancer spreads to bones or organs like the bladder or rectum, treatment becomes more complex. Early detection through tools like PSA testing can make all the difference.
Symptoms and Causes of Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer often develops silently, showing no symptoms in its early stages. Symptoms usually appear only when the tumour has grown enough to affect the urinary tract.
Common Symptoms of Prostate Cancer
Men with advancing prostate cancer may experience:
- Frequent urination, especially at night
- Urgency to urinate
- Difficulty urinating
- Weak urine stream or prolonged voiding
- Incomplete bladder emptying
- Blood in urine or semen
Signs of Advanced Disease
When the cancer spreads, symptoms may include bone pain, pelvic discomfort, weight loss, and testicular pain.
Risk Factors
Several factors that increase the risk of developing prostate cancer:
- Age: Risk increases with age, especially after 50.
- Family History: A first-degree relative with prostate or breast cancer raises your risk.
- Obesity: Linked to the advance of prostate cancer.
Treatment Options for Prostate Cancer
Treatment for prostate cancer depends on factors like the cancer's stage, the patient’s overall health, and personal preferences.
Surgery (Radical Prostatectomy)
This procedure involves removing the prostate gland and surrounding tissue. It is typically recommended for early-stage prostate cancer and may be done through robotic-assisted techniques.
Radiation Therapy
This uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. It includes external beam radiation and brachytherapy (implanting radioactive seeds in the prostate).
Hormone Therapy (Androgen Deprivation)
Hormone therapy slows cancer growth by reducing male hormone (testosterone) levels. It is often combined with radiation or used for advanced cancer.
Chemotherapy
Reserved for more advanced stages, chemotherapy kills cancer cells using drugs administered intravenously or orally.
Active Surveillance
Men with slow-growing or low-risk prostate cancer may be monitored regularly instead of starting immediate treatment. It involves regular PSA tests and prostate exam or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
Frequently Asked Questions about PSA (FAQ)
1. Who should get a PSA test?
Men aged 50 and older, or younger men with risk factors such as a family history of prostate cancer, should consider PSA screening.
2. Can a high PSA level mean something other than cancer?
Yes. Conditions like benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatitis, and even recent sexual activity or exercise can elevate PSA levels.
3. How often should I get PSA tested?
Testing frequency varies by age and risk factors. Some men may be tested annually, while others every two years. Discuss your risk profile with a doctor.
4. Is PSA screening painful?
No. The PSA test involves a simple blood draw and is minimally invasive.
Book an Appointment at Gleneagles Hospitals
Prostate cancer is one of the most treatable cancers—when detected early. PSA screening plays a vital role in detecting the disease early.
Understanding the benefits and risks of PSA screening can help you make informed decisions. Coupled with lifestyle changes and regular medical check-ups, screening ensures better long-term health outcomes. If you are over 50 or at risk, do not wait for symptoms to appear.
Book your appointment via our website today and start your journey toward better health. Our team is here to support you every step of the way. You may also book an appointment by downloading the MyHealth360 application from the Google Play Store or Apple App Store.
