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The menstrual cycle is an essential natural process in the female reproductive system, typically lasting around 28 days, though this can vary between individuals. This cycle involves a sequence of hormonal changes and physiological events that prepare the body for the possibility of pregnancy.
Phases of the Menstrual Cycle
The menstrual cycle can be divided into several key phases, each of which plays a distinct role in preparing the body for pregnancy. Breaking it down into different phases helps you monitor and determine the length of your menstrual cycle more easily.
| Phase | Description |
| Menstruation |
Menstruation (also known as menses or period) is the phase where the lining of the uterus, which thickens in anticipation of pregnancy, is shed if fertilisation has not occurred. This phase generally lasts between 3 to 7 days. |
| Follicular Phase |
Beginning on the first day of menstruation, the follicular phase is characterised by the production of follicles in the ovaries, each containing an immature egg. This is driven by hormones like follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The follicles release oestrogen, which thickens the uterine lining in preparation for a potential pregnancy. |
| Ovulation |
Around day 14 of a 28-day cycle, ovulation occurs, during which a mature egg is released from one of the ovaries. This is triggered by a surge in luteinising hormone (LH). Ovulation represents the peak fertility period in the cycle, making conception most likely at this time. |
| Luteal Phase |
Following ovulation, the ruptured follicle transforms into the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone. This hormone maintains the thickened uterine lining, readying it for the possible implantation of a fertilised egg. If fertilisation does not take place, the corpus luteum disintegrates, progesterone levels decrease, and the cycle recommences with menstruation. |
Typical Duration of a Menstrual Cycle
The menstrual cycle serves the purpose of preparing the female body for pregnancy each month. While the average cycle length is 28 days, it is normal for cycles to vary between 24 and 38 days. It is advisable to monitor your cycle monthly to ensure it remains within a normal range.
Calculating the Length of the Menstrual Cycle
Understanding and tracking your menstrual cycle can be beneficial in many situations, including planning significant events or holidays.
Steps to Track Your Cycle
- Mark the first day of your period on your calendar with an ‘X’.
- Continue marking each day of menstruation with an ‘X’. When the bleeding stops, you can discontinue marking.
- Mark the first day of your next period.
- Count the days from the first mark of one period to the next to determine the length of your cycle. Also, count the days of bleeding by counting the number of Xs.
You can also use mobile apps to help you track your menstrual cycle easily and conveniently on your phone.
Understanding Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a set of physical and emotional symptoms that many women experience in the days leading up to menstruation. These symptoms can vary significantly and may include mood swings, irritability, bloating, breast tenderness, fatigue, and changes in appetite. Hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle are believed to contribute significantly to PMS.
Here are some steps that you can take to manage your PMS symptoms:
- Use over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or paracetamol for cramps, headaches, backaches, and breast tenderness.
- Engage in regular physical exercise.
- Ensure you get adequate rest.
- Maintain a healthy diet.
Read more: Understanding Irregular Periods
Make an Appointment at Gleneagles Hospitals
By understanding the menstrual cycle, you can recognise and address irregular periods and their symptoms more effectively. It is important to monitor your cycle and be aware of any sudden changes that could cause discomfort.
If you notice any abnormalities, do document them before consulting with your doctor. Many cases of irregular periods can be successfully managed with appropriate treatment.
To schedule an appointment with one of our gynaecologists or to learn more about our Obstetrics and Gynaecology services, please contact your nearest Gleneagles Hospital.
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