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Typhoid fever is a serious infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. Despite being preventable and treatable, typhoid fever continues to pose a public health challenge, particularly in regions with poor sanitation and limited access to clean water.
At Gleneagles Hospitals, we offer accurate diagnostic testing, effective treatments, and preventive guidance to protect individuals and families from infectious diseases like typhoid fever. Understanding the signs and symptoms of this condition is crucial for early detection and timely treatment.
The Early Signs of Typhoid Fever
Typhoid fever typically develops gradually over one to three weeks following exposure. Recognising the early symptoms can make a significant difference in seeking timely medical attention and preventing complications..
Persistent High Fever
One of the most common early signs is a steadily increasing fever, often reaching as high as 40°C (104°F). The fever tends to come in waves, rising in the afternoon or evening.
Headache and Weakness
Many patients report headaches, body aches, fatigue, and general weakness. This is due to the body's inflammatory response to the infection.
Gastrointestinal Disturbances
Initial symptoms may include loss of appetite, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, or constipation. Some individuals may also experience nausea or vomiting.
Dry Cough and Sore Throat
A dry cough may appear in the early stages, often mistaken for a viral flu infection.
Causes of Typhoid Fever and How Does It Spread
Typhoid fever is caused by ingesting food or water contaminated with the Salmonella Typhi bacterium. Unlike some other bacteria, Salmonella Typhi survives and multiplies inside the human body, making person-to-person transmission a significant concern.
Contaminated Food and Water
The primary source of infection is consuming food or beverages that have been contaminated with infected faeces or urine. This often occurs in areas with poor sewage treatment and limited access to clean drinking water.
Poor Hygiene Practices
Lack of proper handwashing after using the toilet or before preparing food is a common transmission route, especially among food handlers.
Asymptomatic Carriers
Some individuals may carry Salmonella Typhi without showing symptoms. These carriers can unknowingly spread the bacteria to others over extended periods.
The Complications of Untreated Typhoid Fever
Without appropriate treatment, typhoid fever can lead to severe and life-threatening complications. Timely intervention greatly reduces the risk of complications and long-term consequences.
Intestinal Bleeding or Perforation
One of the most serious complications is intestinal perforation, where a hole develops in the wall of the intestine. This can lead to peritonitis, a life-threatening infection of the abdominal cavity.
Neurological Symptoms
Untreated cases may present with confusion, delirium, or psychosis. Rarely, inflammation of the brain (encephalopathy) may occur.
Carrier State
Some individuals may become chronic carriers, continuing to harbour the bacteria in their body and potentially spreading it to others, even after symptoms resolve.
Typhoid Fever Diagnosed
Timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment are vital in managing typhoid fever and avoiding complications.
Diagnosis
Your doctor will conduct a physical exam and request for blood, stool, or urine tests to confirm the presence of Salmonella Typhi. In certain cases, bone marrow culture may be used for a more accurate diagnosis. Blood Culture is the gold standard for early diagnosis (best during the first week of illness). Widal Test detects antibodies against Salmonella Typhi (O and H antigens). Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) detect antigens or antibodies (e.g., Typhidot, Tubex TF), faster results but variable accuracy.
Treatment For Typhoid Fever
Antibiotic Therapy
Antibiotics are the primary treatment for typhoid fever. Commonly prescribed options include fluoroquinolones, third-generation cephalosporins, and azithromycin. The type and duration depend on severity of illness.
Hydration and Nutritional Support
Patients are encouraged to drink plenty of fluids and eat small, frequent meals to prevent dehydration and maintain energy levels.
Follow-Up and Prevention
After recovery, follow-up tests may be recommended to ensure the bacteria are fully eradicated.Typhoid fever is preventable through a combination of safe hygiene practices and vaccination.
Frequently Asked Questions about Typhoid Fever (FAQ)
1. Is typhoid fever the same as a virus infection?
No. Typhoid fever is caused by a bacterial infection (Salmonella Typhi), not a virus.
2. How long does it take to recover from typhoid fever?
With proper treatment, most people recover within 7 to 14 days. Recovery time may vary depending on the severity and response to antibiotics.
3. Can I get vaccinated against typhoid?
Yes. Typhoid vaccines are available and recommended for individuals travelling to or living in high-risk areas.
4. Is typhoid fever contagious?
Yes. It can be transmitted from person to person through contaminated food, water, or poor hygiene practices.
5. Where can I get tested and treated for typhoid fever in Malaysia?
You can get tested and treated for typhoid fever at Gleneagles Hospitals in Malaysia. Our hospitals are equipped with modern laboratory facilities to accurately diagnose typhoid fever through blood, stool, or urine tests. If you suspect you have symptoms such as prolonged fever, abdominal pain, or digestive issues, our experienced team of doctors and specialists are ready to provide prompt and effective treatment.
Book an Appointment at Gleneagles Hospitals
Typhoid fever may start with mild symptoms, but without timely intervention, it can escalate into a serious health threat. Recognising the early signs and understanding how the infection spreads is essential to protecting yourself and your loved ones.
At Gleneagles Hospitals, we are committed to providing reliable diagnostics, safe treatments, and thorough follow-ups for typhoid fever and other infectious diseases. Our healthcare professionals are equipped with the tools and experience needed to guide you from diagnosis to full recovery.
Book your appointment today and start your journey toward better health. Our team is here to support you every step of the way. You may also book an appointment via our website or download the MyHealth360 application from the Google Play Store or Apple App Store.