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What is Leptospirosis?
Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection caused by Leptospira bacteria, commonly transmitted to humans through exposure to contaminated water or soil containing the urine of infected animals. The disease is especially prevalent in tropical regions and areas prone to heavy rainfall or flooding.
Recognising the symptoms of leptospirosis early is crucial because the disease progresses rapidly if untreated. In mild cases, leptospirosis may present symptoms that are often mistaken for flu, making diagnosis difficult without proper testing.
Early Symptoms of Leptospirosis
In the early stages, leptospirosis often presents with non-specific symptoms, such as fever, headache, chills, muscle aches, and red eyes, which can easily be mistaken for the flu.
A. Fever and Chills
One of the most common initial symptoms is a fever, which can spike suddenly and persist for several days. Along with the fever, patients often experience chills and shivering. The fever may be higher than 38°C and may fluctuate throughout the day.
B. Headaches and Muscle Aches
Severe headaches are another hallmark of early leptospirosis. Muscle pain—particularly in the calves, thighs, and lower back—is another common symptom, making it difficult for patients to stand or walk comfortably.
C. Nausea and Loss of Appetite
Many patients report feeling nauseated, which can result in a significant loss of appetite, contributing to weakness and dehydration.
Advanced Symptoms of Leptospirosis
If leptospirosis is not detected and treated early, the disease can progress to more severe symptoms, which may require urgent medical attention. In advanced stages, the bacteria spread throughout the bloodstream, affecting various organs and leading to serious health problems. These advanced symptoms may include:
A. Jaundice (Yellowing of Skin and Eyes)
Jaundice occurs when the infection spreads to the liver, impairing its function and causing a buildup of bilirubin, which gives the skin and eyes a yellowish tint. This symptom indicates that the liver is under significant stress.
B. Kidney Dysfunction and Dehydration
The kidneys are also at risk during advanced stages of leptospirosis. Patients may notice decreased urine output or find that their urine becomes unusually dark. In severe cases, the kidneys can lose their ability to filter waste effectively, leading to acute kidney injury or even failure.
C. Respiratory Issues (Cough and Breathlessness)
Respiratory symptoms such as coughing, chest pain, and shortness of breath may also develop as the infection spreads to the lungs.
How Leptospirosis is Transmitted
Leptospirosis is primarily spread through the urine of infected animals, most commonly rats, mice, cows, pigs, and dogs.
You can contract leptospirosis if:
- You come into contact with soil or freshwater (such as water from rivers, canals, or lakes) that contains infected urine, typically during activities like kayaking, outdoor swimming, or fishing, where the contaminated water enters your mouth, eyes, or a cut.
- You touch the blood or flesh of an infected animal, usually when handling animals or animal parts.
It is very rare to contract leptospirosis from pets, other people, or bites.
Complications of Untreated Leptospirosis
If leptospirosis remains untreated, it can lead to severe complications, some of which may be life-threatening. The infection can cause meningitis, which involves the inflammation of the brain and spinal cord membranes. Liver damage can result in liver failure, requiring specialised care.
Leptospirosis Treatment
Leptospirosis can typically be treated by your doctor, who will usually prescribe antibiotic tablets to address the infection. Most people recover within a few days to weeks.
It’s crucial to complete the full course of antibiotics, even if you start feeling better before finishing it.
For relief from aches, pains, or a high temperature, you can take paracetamol or ibuprofen.
If your symptoms are severe, you may require treatment in a hospital setting.
Frequently Asked Questions
1. Are pets at risk for leptospirosis?
Yes, pets, especially dogs, can contract leptospirosis and may pass it to humans through urine.
2. How long does it take for symptoms to appear?
Symptoms of leptospirosis usually appear 2 to 30 days after exposure to the bacteria.
3. Is leptospirosis contagious?
It is rare for leptospirosis to spread from person to person.
4. What tests are used to diagnose leptospirosis?
Doctors use blood and urine tests to confirm the presence of Leptospira bacteria or detect antibodies. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests may also be used.
5. How can I prevent leptospirosis during travel or outdoor activities?
To prevent leptospirosis, avoid swimming in potentially contaminated water sources, wear protective clothing and footwear when in rural or flood-prone areas.
Book an Appointment for Leptospirosis Treatment at Gleneagles Hospitals
If you have questions about leptospirosis, get in touch with us to book an appointment at your nearest Gleneagles Hospitals. To schedule a health screening or consultation, please contact the health screening centre at the Gleneagles Hospitals nearest to you.
