The causes of back pain are of a wide variety, but fortunately, can be classified according to the source of pain, making the diagnosis quite straightforward. Common causes include:

- Arthritis

- Bone tumour

- Fracture

- Irritation of a nerve root

- Ligament injury

- Muscle strain or injury

- Other non-spinal causes such as viral infections, kidney stones or gynaecological problems in women

- Poor posture

- Slipped disc

- Spinal Stenosis (narrowing of the Spinal Canal)

- Spine curvatures (scoliosis or kyphosis)

- Trauma

Most patients get better with little to no treatment. The best course of action if possible is to stay active and get back to normal daily activities as soon as possible. The main goal of treatment is to control the pain and some of the following treatments may be used:

- Back brace, usually for two to four days, to support a problematic disc

- Bed rest, usually for no more than two days, to take the pressure off sore discs and nerves

- Medication to help you to sleep and to control pain, inflammation and muscle spasm

- Physiotherapy to relieve pain, improve back movement and maintain a healthy posture

- Spinal injection to relieve pain

- Surgery is usually only done if severe pain does not improve. Types of surgery include:

- Laminectomy to relieve pressure on the spinal nerves

- Discectomy to remove a portion of the disc that is pressing on the nerve root