Formation of Kidney Stones develop when:

- Low levels of substances that block these mineral from crystallising in the urine.

- Concentrated minerals such as calcium, oxalate, phosphate, uric acid, or cysteine

- Alternative conditions for example cystic kidney diseases, urinary tract infections and metabolic disorders exist.

Syptoms of Kidney Stones might include:

- Blood in the urine

- Problems urinating if the size of stone shows too big

- Nausea and vomiting

- Pain when urinating

- Severe pain n the back and flanks of the abdomen, radiating towards the front and groin area

Treatment options can change depending on the Kidney Stone size. Your doctor will give an assessment and suggest these treatment options that may include:

Kidney stones that are small will not require any treatment. Just drink plenty of water to ensure the stones are excreted out in the urine. A presciption of painkillers might help to relieve pain during the process of passing stones.

In some cases where your kidney stones are too big, an Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) might help to break down Kidney Stones into tiny pieces. It will be easier to pass out with your urine in the next few days. Medication can be used according to the size of your Kidney Stones. Other surgical procedure, Percutaneous Nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) is a procedure that is performed by a small surgical incision through the back and into the kidneys to take out the stones. Alternatively, Uretero-Renoscopy (URS) uses an endoscope that enters through the urethra and bladder and eventually into the kidney to target stones. These stones are then broken down to be taken out.